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Eion sources olivine, a rock type that reacts quickly with CO₂, spreads it on agricultural fields, and measures how much CO₂ is removed. Olivine weathers fast, leading to more rapid CO₂ removal, and acts as a substitute to agricultural lime for managing soil acidity.

Frontier buyers will pay Phlair $30.6 million to remove 47,000 tons of CO₂ between 2027 and 2030.

Some carbon removal approaches require meaningful amounts of energy. This raises questions about whether the approach removes carbon on net, or whether it takes away clean energy from decarbonization efforts more broadly. To address these concerns, we’ve put together a set of principles to help suppliers work through these questions and ultimately choose the best possible sources of energy for their operation.

In our annual letter we take a moment to reflect on what happened last year at Frontier and in the field more broadly.

Frontier has facilitated $80 million in offtake agreements with two companies integrating carbon removal (CDR) technology into existing industrial processes.

Frontier has facilitated offtake agreements with Terradot, a San Francisco and São Paulo-based carbon removal company. Frontier buyers will pay $27 million to remove 90,000 tons of CO₂.

Frontier buyers will pay $25.4M to permanently remove 55,442 tons of CO₂ through projects that also help restore acidified rivers.

Early buyers of abiotic marine carbon removal can play an important role in setting a high bar for what safe and responsible deployment, and rigorous measurement look like. Frontier developed a set of principles prioritizing projects that advance scientific understanding, support ecosystem safety, and engage with local communities from day one.

In partnership with Ramboll, an environmental, safety and health sciences firm, Frontier developed a rubric reviewers could use to assess whether a proposed project (1) is set up for safe deployment and (2) has a best-in-class approach to monitor and mitigate any potential ecosystem and health and safety risks. We include these details in all signed marine carbon removal contracts, along with a community benefits plan (see CarbonRun’s community benefits plan as an example).

To evaluate the measurement protocol of prospective candidates, Frontier worked with scientists at the nonprofit [C]Worthy to propose a set of requirements that would give us confidence that a marine carbon removal project is responsibly, conservatively, and rigorously demonstrating removal from deployments.

Frontier has facilitated $4.5M of carbon removal prepurchases from 9 companies—Alithic, Alt Carbon, Anvil, Capture6, Exterra Carbon Solutions, Flux, NULIFE, Planeteers, and Silica—on behalf of buyers Stripe, Shopify, Alphabet, H&M Group, and Match (via Watershed).

Frontier is publishing the offtake agreement template that we’ve iterated on over the course of contracting more than $300M in carbon removal purchases. Our hope is this template may help other buyers and suppliers—of either carbon removal or other early climate technologies—spend less time contracting and more time building.

Frontier has facilitated offtake agreements with 280 Earth for the first deployment of their continuous capture process. Frontier buyers will pay 280 Earth $40M to permanently remove 61,571 tons of CO₂.

Frontier has facilitated offtake agreements with Stockholm Exergi to enable a first-of-a-kind carbon removal retrofit on a biomass-based district heating facility. Frontier members will buy $48.6M of the facility's removal output between 2028 and 2030.

Vaulted Deep will permanently remove 152,480 tons of CO₂ by 2027 on behalf of Frontier buyers.

Buyers can play an important role in promoting responsible scaling of BiCRS by ensuring that the biomass used to capture CO₂ from the atmosphere is sourced responsibly. To that end, we’re sharing the principles we use to make purchasing decisions as well as assess compliance throughout the duration of the contract.

In partnership with Ramboll—an environmental, safety and health sciences firm—Frontier developed a rubric reviewers could use to assess whether a proposed project (1) is set up for safe deployment and (2) has a best-in-class approach to monitor and mitigate any potential ecosystem and health and safety risks. We include any requirements not already covered by existing regulatory regimes in a protocol in all signed BiCRS contracts.

Frontier has facilitated the world’s first enhanced weathering (EW) offtake with Lithos Carbon. Frontier buyers will pay $57.1M to permanently remove 154,240 tons of CO₂ by 2028.

Early buyers of enhanced weathering can play an important role in setting a high bar for what safe and responsible deployment, and rigorous measurement look like. Frontier worked with Microsoft, the Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture and others to develop a set of principles to guide enhanced weathering purchasing decisions.

In partnership with Ramboll, an environmental, safety and health sciences firm, Frontier developed a rubric reviewers could use to assess whether a proposed project (1) is set up for safe deployment and (2) has a best-in-class approach to monitor and mitigate any potential ecosystem and health and safety risks. We include these details in a protocol in all signed enhanced weathering contracts, along with our community benefits plan template.

To evaluate the measurement protocol of prospective candidates, Frontier worked with scientists from Yale and Georgia Institute of Technology to develop a measurement rubric that outlines what measurement, modeling and sampling procedures would give us high confidence that an enhanced weathering project is responsibly, conservatively, and rigorously crediting tons for their deployment.

Frontier has facilitated its first set of direct air capture (DAC) offtakes with CarbonCapture Inc. and Heirloom. Frontier buyers will pay CarbonCapture Inc. $20.0M to permanently remove 45,500 tons of CO₂ by 2028 and Heirloom $26.6M to remove 26,900 tons of CO₂ by 2030.

This template is intended to provide helpful information to assist applicants in developing a community benefits plan for Frontier offtakes.

Frontier has facilitated $7M of carbon removal purchases–from Airhive, Alkali Earth, Banyu Carbon, Carbon Atlantis, CarbonBlue, CarbonRun, EDAC Labs, Holocene, Mati, Planetary Technologies, Spiritus Technologies and Vaulted—on behalf of buyers Stripe, Shopify and H&M Group.

Frontier has facilitated its first set of offtake agreements with Charm Industrial, totaling $53M. Frontier buyers will pay Charm to permanently remove 112,000 tons of CO₂ from the atmosphere between 2024 and 2030.

Autodesk, H&M Group, JPMorgan Chase, and Workday are joining Frontier, an advance market commitment to accelerate carbon removal. The new members will commit to purchase a combined $100M of permanent, high quality carbon removal over the next eight years.

This video series follows the entrepreneurs and scientists who are trying to crack permanent carbon removal at scale.

Frontier has facilitated its largest round of carbon removal purchases—from Arbor, Captura, Arca (formerly Carbin Minerals), Carbon To Stone, Cella, CREW and Inplanet—on behalf of Stripe and Shopify. Stripe and Shopify will spend a combined $3.5M buying carbon removal, with another $7.5M contingent on projects reaching agreed upon technical milestones. In addition, Stripe has provided $500K in R&D grants to Kodama Systems and Nitricity.

Carbon removal technologies face a variety of critical knowledge gaps. We built a dynamic database of research and innovation gaps across CDR technologies to highlight critical areas and enable cross-disciplinary experts to plug in and fill those gaps.

Carbon removal buyers face numerous challenges in quantifying deliveries across a range of diverse pathways. We explore this challenge and propose a framework for purchasing under conditions of uncertainty.

Frontier has facilitated its first purchases—from AspiraDAC, Calcite-Origen, Lithos Carbon, RepAir, Travertine, and Living Carbon—on behalf of Stripe. Stripe will spend $2.4M buying carbon removal from these six companies, with another $5.4M contingent on projects reaching agreed upon technical milestones.

Stripe, Alphabet, Shopify, Meta, and McKinsey Sustainability are today launching Frontier, an advance market commitment (AMC) to accelerate the development of permanent carbon removal technologies. The founding companies plan to commit $1B over the next nine years to purchase permanent carbon removal from suppliers building promising new solutions.